基于ARIMA时间序列模型的中国塑料制品产量预测研究

根据中国2000~2019年塑料制品产量的时间序列数据,研究差分自回归移动平均模型ARIMA(p,d,q)的建模和应用。利用白噪声检验和平稳性检验对原始序列进行预处理及ARIMA模型识别,在模型定阶后进行参数估计,检验模型拟合效果,并预测塑料制品的产量。结果表明:ARIMA(2,1,1)模型可以很好地描述塑料制品产量的变化趋势,使用该模型可以预测未来五年的塑料制品产量。     

Structures and mechanical properties of electrospun cellulose nanofibers/poly(ε-caprolactone) composites

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is one of the ecofriendly biodegradable polymers with excellent moldability but with rather low mechanical properties especially for the industrial and biomedical use. In this research, to overcome the problem, the two types of cellulose nanofibers, the cellulose acetate nanofibers (CA-NF) and the cellulose nanofibers (C-NF), were composited into PCL for the enhancement of the mechanical properties of PCL. CA-NF were prepared by electrospinning and converted into C-NF afterward by deacetylation. It was found that the Young's modulus of the CA-NF/PCL composite at the fiber concentration of 35 wt% significantly increased by ~3 times as compared with that of neat PCL, whereas C-NF/PCL of the same fiber concentration also increased by ~4.5 times. It was also found that the Young's moduli of CA-NF/PCL nearly reached the theoretical values calculated by the equation suggested by Tsai, but that the Young's moduli of C-NF/PCL could not reach the theoretical values. It indicates that CA-NF possessed better compatibility with PCL than C-NF, agreeing well with the fracture-surface analyses of the two composites by the scanning electron microscopy.     

Discovery of the Tiancilactone Antibiotics by Genome Mining of Atypical Bacterial Type II Diterpene Synthases

Although genome mining has advanced the identification, discovery, and study of microbial natural products, the discovery of bacterial diterpenoids continues to lag behind. Herein, we report the identification of 66 putative producers of novel bacterial diterpenoids, and the discovery of the tiancilactone (TNL) family of antibiotics, by genome mining of type II diterpene synthases that do not possess the canonical DXDD motif. The TNLs, which are broad‐spectrum antibiotics with moderate activities, are produced by both Streptomyces sp. CB03234 and Streptomyces sp. CB03238 and feature a highly functionalized diterpenoid skeleton that is further decorated with chloroanthranilate and γ‐butyrolactone moieties. Genetic manipulation of the tnl gene cluster resulted in TNL congeners, which provided insights into their biosynthesis and structure–activity relationships. This work highlights the biosynthetic potential that bacteria possess to produce diterpenoids and should inspire continued efforts to discover terpenoid natural products from bacteria.     

Numerical study of polyethylene burning in counterflow: Effect of pyrolysis kinetics and composition of pyrolysis products

The burning behavior of polyethylene in the counterflow of oxidizing air has been studied numerically with a coupled model describing feedback heat and mass transfer between gas‐phase flame and polymeric solid fuel. A 2‐dimensional elliptic equation in axisymmetric formulation (revealing the cylindrical shape of the polymer sample used in the experiment) has been employed to simulate heat transfer in solid fuel, and a set of 1‐dimensional hyperbolic equations has been used to determine the solid‐to‐gas conversion degree of the pyrolysis reaction. Four sets of products compositions and two modifications for the kinetic parameters of solid fuel pyrolysis reaction have been taken into account. Gas‐phase formulation is presented by set of 1‐dimensional conservation equations for multi‐component flow with detailed kinetic mechanism of combustion. The profiles of temperature and species concentrations in the flame zone have been calculated and compared with the results of experimental study of combustion of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Higher hydrocarbon composition (dodecane) has been found to show the best agreement between the temperature and species concentration profiles with the measurements, especially for the low‐level mass fractions of the by‐product components—propylene, butadiene, and benzene.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼肉中多种雄性激素和孕激素

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultraperformanceliquidchromatography-tandemmass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)检测鱼肉组织中10种雄性激素和孕激素的分析方法。方法样品经乙酸铵提取,乙酸-乙腈再提取,无水硫酸钠吸水,QuEChERS净化,经C18柱分离后进行UPLC-MS/MS选择电喷雾ESI正离子模式多反应监测模式下定量分析。结果线性范围在0.4～8.0μg/kg,相关系数达到0.99以上,10种激素的检出限在0.0100～0.200μg/kg之间,方法的回收率在77.3%～114.4%之间,相对标准偏差在0.9%～10.3%之间。结论该方法简单、快速、准确,且检出限低、回收率高,适用于鱼肉组织中雄性激素和孕激素的测定。     

Formulation of a Biodegradable Detergent for Cleaning Oily Residues Generated during Industrial Processes

The use of toxic petroleum-based heavy oils is common in industrial processes. The cleaning of machines, equipment, and other surface covered in these oils is achieved with expensive products that are often also toxic and harmful to both the health of workers and the environment. The present paper proposes the development of a sustainable biodetergent made from plant-based materials. Tests were performed to determine the properties of the biodetergent in terms of its surfactant and emulsifying capacities, stability, toxicity, and the removal of heavy oil from glass plates and metallic surfaces. The formulation was composed of a natural solvent (cottonseed oil), a plant-based surfactant agent (saponin), and two natural stabilizers (carboxymethylcellulose and glycerine). The formulation was stable, nontoxic, and highly efficient, removing 100% of the heavy oil from glass and metallic surfaces. This solution developed in this study could be used in diverse industries with the need to clean machines and parts encrusted with oil and grease as well as the cleaning of floors covered with petroleum-based residues. A preliminary analysis of the economic feasibility of using the detergent was carried out at a Brazilian power plant. Besides the reduction in environmental impact due to the use of a nontoxic, biodegradable product as well as the reduction in health risks to workers associated with toxic cleaning products, this new product can have a considerable impact on the market as an environmentally friendly solution.     

Effect of processing conditions on wood and glass fiber length attrition during twin screw composite compounding

In this study, we compare the effect of twin-screw extrusion processing on the attrition of wood fibers (WFs) with glass fiber. The effects of process variables and screw design on fiber length were investigated by performing a range of dead-stop experiments where the extruder was stopped, opened-up, and compound removed from the screw elements. Fibers, chemically extracted from the polypropylene matrix, were analyzed for length and width using a commercial fiber analyzer. It was found that WF length attrition and composite properties were less affected by screw design and twin-screw processing conditions (feed rate and screw speed) than glass fiber. Length weighted fiber length and X50 length (a measure used in particle size analysis) were equally correlated with process conditions and composite performance for both fiber types. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48551.     

Expanding the Diversity of Plant Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids Employing Human Cytochrome P450 3A4

Human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) have enormous substrate promiscuity; this makes them promising tools for the expansion of natural product diversity. Here, we used CYP3A4 for the targeted diversification of a plant biosynthetic route leading to monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. In silico, in vitro and in planta studies proved that CYP3A4 was able to convert the indole alkaloid vinorine into vomilenine, the former being one of the central intermediates in the ajmaline pathway in the medicinal plant Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. However, to a much larger extent, the investigated conversion yielded vinorine (19R,20R)-epoxide, a new metabolite with an epoxide functional group that is rare for indole alkaloids. The described work represents a successful example of combinatorial biosynthesis towards an increase in biodiversity of natural metabolites. Moreover, characterisation of the products of the in vitro and in planta transformation of potential pharmaceuticals with human CYPs might be indicative of the route of their conversion in the human organism.     

某沿海火电厂贮煤仓构件腐蚀机制分析

目的研究某火电厂沿海煤仓构件的腐蚀情况,分析其腐蚀机制。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对构件表面与内部区域的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物分布进行表征,借助能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器,对腐蚀产物元素组成及物相进行表征分析,结合贮煤仓构件服役环境探讨腐蚀机制。结果沿海火电厂贮煤仓构件腐蚀情况较为严重且分布极广,腐蚀类型主要为点蚀。腐蚀产物厚度约为3.82 mm,表层和内部分别为黄色物质和灰黑色疏松物质,且聚集有球状和丝状或棉团状铁锈。腐蚀产物组成元素以O、Fe为主,其中表面黄色物质的主要物相为Fe2O3,表面丝状或棉团状物质主要为α-FeOOH,内部灰黑色物质的主要物相为Fe3O4,针片状物质为γ-FeOOH,球状物质的C、Si、Al、Ca、Mg等元素含量较高且主要物相为SiO2,为煤粉颗粒。结论沿海电厂贮煤仓构件腐蚀初期为Fe的吸氧腐蚀,并发生完全氧化脱水生成Fe2O3,其良好致密性使内部发生氧浓差腐蚀生成Fe3O4,底面产物主要为Fe3O4和Fe2O3的混合物,而煤粉颗粒和燃煤产生的CO2、SO2等酸性气体为腐蚀的快速发生提供了环境。发生的点蚀极易造成穿孔,需采取更有效的防护措施。     

Worldwide aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and foods: From occurrence to control

Aflatoxins represent a global public health and economic concern as they are responsible for significant adverse health and economic issues affecting consumers and farmers worldwide. Produced by fungal species from the Aspergillus genus, aflatoxins are a toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic group of fungal metabolites that routinely contaminate food and agricultural products. Climate and diet are essential factors in the aflatoxin contamination of food and subsequent human exposure process. Countri es with warmer climates and staple foods that are aflatoxin-susceptible shoulder a substantial portion of the global aflatoxins burden. Enactment of regulations, prevention of pre- and postharvest contamination, decontamination, and detoxification have been used to prevent human dietary exposure to aflatoxin. Exploiting their chemical and structural properties, means are devised to detect and quantify aflatoxin presence in foods. Herein, recent developments in several important aspects impacting aflatoxin contamination of the food supply, including: fungal producers of the toxin, occurrence in food, worldwide regulations, detection methods, preventive strategies, and removal and degradation methods were reviewed and presented. In conclusion, aflatoxin continues to be a major food safety problem, especially in developing countries where regulatory limits do not exist or are not adequately enforced. Finally, knowledge gaps and current challenges in each discussed aspect were identified, and new solutions were proposed.